Abstract
This study investigates if there are relationships between personality and performance of dogs
(Canis familiaris) in working dog trials. Data from 2655 dogs of the two breeds German Shepherd
dog (GSD) and Belgian Tervuren (BT) were used. The breeds were chosen because of indications of
differences in personality between these breeds, and because both breeds are commonly trained for
working dog trials. All dogs were tested in a personality test between 12 and 18 months of age. Using
a factor analysis, five factors were extracted: ‘‘Playfulness’’, ‘‘Curiosity/Fearlessness’’, ‘‘Chaseproneness’’,
‘‘Sociability’’, and ‘‘Aggressiveness’’. Further analyses showed that these factors, with
the exception of Aggressiveness, were all related to one higher-order factor, which was interpreted as
a shyness–boldness dimension. Because of the risk of confounding variables, the influence of the
owners’ previous experience was tested. This showed that owner experience was related to
performance, as well as to the shyness–boldness score. Therefore, only data from dogs with
inexperienced owners were used in the later analyses. According to their success in working dog
trials, the dogs could be categorised as low, middle, or high performing. The results show that the
shyness–boldness score is related to the level of performance: high-performing dogs have higher
scores (i.e. are bolder) compared to low-performing dogs. This difference was significant in Belgian
Tervurens of both sexes, and in female German Shepherds. In general, German Shepherds scored
higher than Belgian Tervurens, and males scored higher than females. However, in well-performing
dogs there were no breed or sex differences. This indicates a threshold effect; to reach high levels in
working dog trials the dog, independent of breed or sex, should have a certain level of boldness. These
results imply that a lower proportion of dogs of shyer breeds are able to reach higher performance
levels, compared to dogs of breeds that in general score higher on the shyness–boldness axis. In
German Shepherds, a relationship was also found between personality and age of success; bolder
dogs reached success at a younger age. There were no differences in Boldness score between dogs
succeeding in different types of working dog trials (tracking, searching, delivering messages, handler
protection), suggesting that the personality dimension predisposes trainability in general. The results might be applied to the selection of breeding dogs in working breeds and in selecting suitable working
and service dogs. A test like the one used in this study can give a description of an individual dog’s
personality, which also can help matching the dog with adequate training.
